As a result, the state-sponsored violence that is waged against these groups is justified through this criminalization, and subsequently waged through the rapid militarization of the police force. These constructed stigmatizations perpetuate apartheid-era collective memory-one that is deeply embedded with institutionalized racism as well as the structural and historical remains of apartheid geographies. These racial groups and related geographical territories mirror the same segregated and discriminatory political system that was, and arguably still remains, as apartheid South Africa. The discursive stigmatization projected upon certain racial groups directly results in the criminalization of these groups and their township communities. This research, focused in contemporary South Africa, analyzes criminality through the interlinkages between marginalization, space, and public discourse.
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